Language Evolution and Computation Bibliography

Recent studies showed that three-year old children learned novel words better when the form and meaning of the words were sound symbolically related. This was the case for both children learning a language with a rich sound symbolic lexicon (Japanese) and that without (English). From this robust nature of sound symbolic facilitation, it was inferred that children's ability to use sound symbolism in word learning is the vestige of protolanguage consisting largely of sound symbolic words. We argued that sound symbolic protolanguage was able to refer to a wide range of information (not just auditory events). It had the added advantage that it was relatively easy to develop a shared open-class lexicon and it provided a stepping stone from a holophrastic protolanguage to a combinatoric protolanguage.

A new sign language has been created by deaf Nicaraguans over the past 25 years, providing an opportunity to observe the inception of universal hallmarks of language. We found that in their initial creation of the language, children analyzed complex events into basic elements and sequenced these elements into hierarchically structured expressions according to principles not observed in gestures accompanying speech in the surrounding language. Successive cohorts of learners extended this procedure, transforming Nicaraguan signing from its early gestural form into a linguistic system. We propose that this early segmentation and recombination reflect mechanisms with which children learn, and thereby perpetuate, language. Thus, children naturally possess learning abilities capable of giving language its fundamental structure.